An act for the amendment of the Laws with respect to Wills

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Section - Paragraph

1. Meaning of certain words in this Act

3. All property may be disposed of by will

7. No will of a person under age valid

9. Signing and attestation of wills

10. Appointments by will to be executed like other wills, and to be valid, although other required solemnities are not observed

11. Saving is to wills of soldiers and mariners

13. Publication of will not requisite

14. Will not be void on account of incompetency of arresting witness

15. Gifts to an attesting witness, or his or her wife or husband, to be void

16. Creditor attesting a will charging estate with debts shall be admitted a witness

17. Executor shall be admitted a witness

18. Wills to be revoked by marriage, except in certain cases

18A. Effect of dissolution or annulment of marriage on wills

19. No will to be revoked by presumption from altered circumstances

20. No will to be revoked otherwise than as aforesaid or by another will or codicil, or by destruction thereof

21. No alteration in a will after execution except in certain cases, shall have any effect, unless executed as a will

22. No revoked will shall be revived otherwise than by re-execution or a codicil, etc

23. Subsequent conveyance or other act not to prevent operation of will

24. Wills shall be construed as to the estate comprised, to speak from the death of the testator

25. Residuary devises shall include estates comprised in lapsed and void devises

26. A general devise of the testator's lands shall include copyhold and leasehold as well as freehold lands, in the absence of a contrary intention

27. A general gifl of realty or personalty shall include property over which the testator has a general power of appointment

28. A devise of real estate without my words of limitation shall pass the fee, etc

29. The words "die without issue," or "die without leaving issue," etc, shall mean a want or failure of issue in the lifetime or at the death of the person, except in certain cases 31. Trustees under an unlimited devise, where the trust may endure beyond the life of a person beneficially entitled for life, shall take the fee, etc

32. Devises of estates tail shall not lapse where inheritable issue survives, etc

33. Gifts to children or other issue who leave issue living at the testator's death shall not

34. Act not to extend to wills made before 1838, or to estates pur autre vie of persons who die before 1838

Meaning of certain words in this Act

1. the words and expressions herein-after mentioned, which in their ordinary signification have a more confined or a different meaning, shall in this Act, except where the nature of the provisions or the context of the Act shall exclude such construction, be interpreted as follows; (that is to say,) the word "will" shall extend to a testament, and to a codicil, and to an appointment by will or by writing in the nature of a will in exercise of a power, and also to a disposition by will and testament or devise of the custody and tuition of any child, and to any other testamentary disposition; and the words "real estate" shall extend to manors, advowsons, messuages, lands, tithes, rents, and hereditaments, . whether corporeal, incorporeal, or personal, and to any undivided share thereof, and to any estate, right, or interest (other than a chattel interest) therein; and the words "personal estate" shall extend to leasehold estates and other chattels real and also to monies, shares of government and other funds, securities for money (not being real estates), debts, choses in action, rights, credits, goods, and all other property whatsoever which by law devolves upon the executor or administrator, and to any share or interest therein; and every word importing the singular number only shall extend and be applied to several persons or things as well as one person or thing; and every word importing the masculine gender only shall extend and be applied to a female as well as a male.

All property may be disposed of by will

3. ... it shall be lawful for every person to devise, bequeath, or dispose of, by his will executed in manner herein-after required, all real estate and all personal estate which he shall be entitled to, either at law or in equity, at the time of his death, and which, if not so devised, bequeathed, and disposed of, would devolve

Signing and attestation of wills

9.-- No will shall be valid unless--

(a) it is in writing, and signed by the testator, or by some other person in his presence and by his direction; and

(b) it appears that the testator intended by his signature to give effect to the will; and

(c) the signature is made or acknowledged by the testator in the presence of two or more witnesses present at the same time; and

(d) Each witness either--

(i) attests and signs the will; or

(ii) acknowledges his signature,

in the presence of the testator (but not necessarily in the presence of any other witness), but no other form of attestation shall be necessary. >hr />

10. Appointments by will to be executed like other wills, and to he valid, although other required solemnities are not observed ... no appointment made by will, in exercise of any power, shall be valid, unless the same be executed in manner herein-before required; and every will executed in manner herein-before required shall, so far as respects the execution and attestation thereof, be a valid execution of a power of appointment by will, notwithstanding it shall have been expressly required that a will made in exercise of such power should be executed with some additional or other form of execution or solemnity.

Saving as to wills of soldiers and mariners.

11. Provided always, ... that any soldier being in actual military service, or any mariner or seaman being at sea, may dispose of his persona] estate as he might have done before the making of this Act. 1241

13. Publication of will not requisite . . every will executed in manner herein-before required shall be valid without any other publication thereof.

14. Will not be void on account of incompetency of attesting witness . . if any person who shall attest the execution of a will shall at the time of the execution thereof or at any time afterwards be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove tbe execution thereof, such will shall not on that account be invalid.

15. Gifts to an attesting witness, or his or her wife or husband, to be void

... if any person shall attest the execution of any will to whom or to whose wife or husband any beneficial devise, legacy, estate, interest, gift, or appointment, of or affecting any real or personal estate (other than and except charges and directions for the payment of any debt or debts), shall be thereby given or made, such devise, legacy, estate, interest, gift, or appointment shall, so far only as concerns such person attesting the execution of such will, or the wife or husband of such person, or any person claiming under such person or wife or husband, be utterly null and void, and such person so attesting shall be admitted as a witness to prove the execution of such will, or to prove the validity or invalidity thereof, notwithstanding such devise, legacy, estate, interest, gift, or appoint ment mentioned in such will.

16. Creditor attesting a will charging estate with debts shall be admitted a witness.

... in case by any will any real or personal estate shall be charged with any debt or debts, and any creditor, or the wife or husband of any creditor, whose debt is so charged, shall attest the execution of such will, such creditor notwithstanding such charge shall be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or to prove the validity or invalidity thereof.

... upon his executor or administrator; and ... the power hereby given shall extend . . . to all contingent, executory or other future interests in any real or personal estate, whether the testator may or may not be ascertained as the person or one of the persons in whom the same respectively may become vested, and whether he may be entitled thereto under the instrument by which the same respectively were created, or under any disposition thereof by deed or will; and also to all rights of entry for conditions broken, and other rights of entry; and also to such of the same estates, interests, and rights respectively, and other real and personal estate, as the testator may be entitled to at the time of his death, notwithstanding that he may become entitlted to the same subsequently to the execution of his will.

17. Executor shall be admitted a witness

no person shall, on account of his being an executor of a will, be incompetent to be admitted a witness to prove the execution of such will, or a witness to prove the validity or invalidity thereof.

18. Wills to be revoked by marriage, except in certain cases

[(1) Subject to subsections (2) to (4) below, a will shall be revoked by the testator's marriage.

(2) A disposition in a will in exercise of a power of appointment shall take effect notwithstanding the testator's subsequent marriage unless the property so appointed would in default of appointment pass to his personal representatives.

(3) Where it appears from a will that at the time it was made the testator was expecting to be married to a particular person and that he intended that the will should not be revoked by the marriage, the will shall not be revoked by his marriage to that person.

(4) Where it appears from a will that at the time it was made the testator was expecting to be married to a particular person and that he intended that a disposition in the will should not be revoked by his marriage to that person,

18A. Effect of dissolution or annulment of marriage on wills

(1) Where, after a testator has made a will, a decree of a court dissolves or annuls his marriages or declares it void,-

(2) Subsection (l)(b) above is without prejudice to any right of the former spouse to apply for financial provision under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975.

(3) Where

the interest in remainder shall be treated as if it had not been subject to the life interest and, if it was contingent upon the termination of the life interest, as if it had not been so contigent.

19. No will to be revoked by presumption from altered circumstances

... no will shall be revoked by any presumption of an intention on the ground an alteration in circumstances.

20. No will to be revoked otherwise than as aforesaid or by another will or codicil, or by destruction thereof

. . . no will or codicil, or any part thereof; shall be revoked otherwise than as aforesaid, or by another will or codicil executed in manner herein-before required, or by some writing declaring an intention to revoke the same and executed in the manner in which a will is herein-before required to be executed, or by the burning, tearing, or otherwise destroying the same by the testator, or by some person in his presence and by his direction, with the intention of revoking the same.

21. No alteration in a will after execution except in certain cases, shall have any effect, unless executed as a will

. . . no obliteration, interlineation, or other alteration made in any will after the executioh thereof shall be valid or have any effect, except so far as the words or effect of the will before such alteration shall not be apparent, unless such alteration shall be executed in like manner as herein-before is required for the execution of the will; but the will, with such alteration as part thereof, shall be deemed to be duly executed if the signature of the testator and the subscription of the witnesses be made in the margin or on some other part of the will opposite or near to such alteration, or at the foot or end of or opposite to a memorandum referring to such alteration, and written at the end of some other part of the will.

22. No revoked will shall be revived otherwise than by re-execution or a codicil, etc

. . no will or codicil, or any part thereof; which shall be in any manner revoked, shall be revived otherwise than by the re-execution thereof or by a codicil executed in manner herein-before required and showing an intention to revive the same; and when any will or codicil which shall be partly revoked, and afterwards wholly revoked, shall be revived, such revival shall not extend to so much thereof as shall have been revoked before the revocation of the whole thereof; unless an intention to the contrary shall be shown.

23. Subsequent conveyance or other act not to prevent operation of will

. . no conveyance or other act made or done subsequently to the execution of a will of or relating to any real or personal estate therein comprised, except an act by which such will shall be revoked as aforesaid, shall prevent the operation d of the will with respect to such estate or interest in such real or personal estate as the testator shall have power to dispose of by will at the time of his death.

24. Wills shall he construed as to the estate comprised, to speak from the death of the testator

. . every will shall be construed, with reference to the real estate and personal estate comprised in it, to speak and take effect as if it had been executed immediately before the death of the testator, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will.

25. Residuary devises shall include estates comprised in lapsed and void devises

. . unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will, such real estate or interest therein as shall be comprised or intended to be comprised in any devise in such will contained, which shall fail or be void by reason of the death of the devisee in the lifetime of the testator, or by reason of such devise being contrary to law or otherwise incapable of taking effect shall be included in the residuary (if any) contained in such will.

26. A general devise of the testator's lands shall include copy hold and leasehold as well as freehold lands, in the absence of a contrary intention a devise of the land of the testator, or of the land of the testator in any place or in the occupation of any person mentioned in his will, or otherwise described in a general manner, and any other general devise which would describe a . leasehold estate if the testator had no freehold estate which could be described by it, shall be construed to include the . . . leasehold estates of the testator, or his . . . leasehold estates, or any of them, to which such description shall extend, as the case may be, as well as freehold estates, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will.

27. A general gift of realty or personalty shall include property over whlch the testator has a general power of appointment a general devise of the real estate of the testator, or of the real estate of the testator in any place or in the occupation of any person mentioned in his will, or otherwise described in a general manner, shall be construed to include any real estate, or any real estate to which such description shall extend (as the case may be), which he may have power to appoint in any manner he may think proper, and shall operate as an execution of such power, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will; and in like manner a bequest of the personal estate of the testator, or any bequest of personal property described in a general manner, shall be construed to include any personal estate, or any personal estate to which such description shall extend (as the case may be), which he may have power to appoint in any manner he may think proper, and shall operate as an execution of such power, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will

Words omitted repealed by the Statute Law Revision (No 2) Act 1888.

28. A devise of real estate without any words of limitation shall pass the fee, etc

. where any real estate shall be devised to any person without any words of lilnit(ttion, such devisc shall be construed to pass the fee simple, or other the whole estate or interest which the testator had power to dispose of by will in such real estate, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will.

29. The words "die without issue," or "die without leaving issue," etc, shall mean a want or failure of issue in the lifetime or at the death of the person, except in certain cases is ... any devise or bequest of real or personal estate the words "die without or "die without leaving issue," or "have no issue," or any other words which may import either a want or failure of issue of any person in his lifetime or at the time of his death, or an indefinite failure of his issue, shall be construed to mean a want or failure of issue in the lifetime or at the time of the death of such person, and not an indefinite failure of his issue, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will, by reason of such person having a prior estate tail, or of a preceding gift, being, without any implication arising from such words, a limitation of an estate tail to such person or issue, or otherwise: Provided, that this Act shall not extend to cases where such words as aforesaid import if no issue described in a preceding gift shall be born, or if there shall be no issue who shall live to attain the age or otherwise answer the description required for obtaining a vested estate by a preceding gift to such issue

30. Devise of realty to trustees or executors shall pass the fee, etc, except in certain cases

. . where any real estate (other than or not being a presentation to a church) shall be devised to any trustee or executor, such devise shall be construed to pass the fee simple or other the whole estate or interest which the testator had power to dispose of by will in such real estate, unless a definite term of years, absolute or determinable, or an estate of freehold, shall thereby be given to him expressly or by implication.

31. Trustees under an unlimited devise, where the trust may endure beyond the life of a person beneficially entitled for life, shall take the fee, etc

. where any real estate shall be devised to a trustee, without any express limitation of the estate to be taken by such trustee, and the beneficial interest in such real estate, or in the surplus rents and profits thereof, shall not be given to any person for life, or such beneficial interest shall be given to any person for life, but the purposes of the trust may continue beyond the life of such person, such devise shall be construed to vest in such trustee the fee simple, or other the whole legal estate which the testator had power to dispose of by will in such real estate, and not an estate determinable when the purposes of the trust shall be satisfied.

32. Devises of estates tail shall not lapse where inheritable issue survives, etc . . where any person to whom any real estate shall be devised for an estate tail or an estate in quasi entail shall die in the lifetime of the testator leaving issue who would be heritable under such entail, and any such issue shall be living at the time of the death of the testator, such devise shall not lapse, but shall take effect as if the death of such person had happened immediately after the death of the testator, unless a contrary intention shall appear by the will.

33. Gifts to children or other issue who leave issue living at the testator's death shall not lapse

[(1) Where:-

(2) Where-

(3) Issue shall take under this section through all degrees, according to their stock, in equal shares if more than one, any gift or share which their parent would have taken and so that no issue shall take whose parent is living at the testator's death and that no issue shall take whose parent is living at the testator's death and so capable of taking.

(4) For the purposes of this section-~

34. Act not to extend to wills made before 1838, or to estates pur autre vie of persons who die before 1838

. . this Act shall not extend to any will made before the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight; and every will re-executed Of republished, or revived by any codicil, shall for the purposes of this Act be deemed to have been made at the time at which the same shall be so re-executed, republished or revived; and this Act shall not extend to any estate pur autre vie of any person who shall die before the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and thirty-eight.

Gifts to children or other issue who leave issue living at the testator's death shall not lapse

33.--(1) Where--

then unless a contrary intention appears by the will, the devise or bequest shall take effect as a devise or bequest to the issue living at the testator's death.

(2) Where--

then unless a contrary intention appears by the will, the devise or bequest shall take effect as if the class included the issue of its deceased member living at the testator's death.

(3) Issue shall take under this section through all the degrees, according to their stock, in equal shares if mor ethan one, any gift or share which their parent would have taken and so that no issue shall take whose parent is living at the testator's death and so capable of taking.

(4) For the purposes of this section--